Translated by Pars Translator

Title:

: 

globalisation .

 ‘›

Type:

: 

Politics .

–‘

What is globalisation?

Œ–   ‘›

One can be sure that virtually every one of the 2822 academic papers on globalisation written in 1998 included its own definition,

as would each of the 589 new books on the subject published in that year.

  ‘› () ‘  ‚ˆ‚‚   Ž 

…ˆ‰ ‘“‘— ““—  Š— › ‰‰ˆ

“ ‘–— ‘•›

Many see it as a primarily economic phenomenon, involving the increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems

through the growth in international trade, investment and capital flows.

Š  ‘—   Š ‘— • ›“ ‘

Š “–‘›— “— ‘— ‘‘ Š ‘ —› ‘

‘‘‘—  ‘

However, one can also point to a rapid increase in cross-border social, cultural and technological exchange as part of the

phenomenon of globalisation.

  Š —‘“  ‘—›   “ — Š ‘Ÿ“

—  ‘› • —‘ ‘“— ““

the sociologist, Anthony Giddens, defines globalisation as a decoupling of space and time, emphasising that with instantaneous

communications, knowledge and culture can be shared around the world simultaneously.

Š ‘  ‘ ‘›“  ‘› Š Anthony Giddens Š ‘‘›

‘“   Š  ‘‘“—‘“  ‘—

 ‘

a Dutch academic who maintains a good website on globalisation, http://globalize.kub.nl/ Ruud Lubbers, defines it as a process in

which geographic distance becomes a factor of diminishing importance in the establishment and maintenance of cross border

economic, political and socio-cultural relations.

Http Š  ‘›() ’ –‘’  ‘  

 Š Ruud Lubbers //globalize.kub.nl/ :

‘“‘›“ “

Left critics of globalisation define the word quite differently, presenting it as worldwide drive toward a globalised economic system

dominated by supranational corporate trade and banking institutions that are not accountable to democratic processes or national

governments.

Ž Š “ ‘ “  ‘›  — ” ‘›

 ‘› ‘—‘  ‘› – “ —  

Ž•— ‘‘“Ÿ    –‘›—“

– ‘ –Ÿ ‘  ‘“

Globalisation is an undeniably capitalist process.

– ‘  •‘‘“   ‘›

it has taken off as a concept in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and of socialism as a viable alternate form of economic

organisation.

–‘Ÿ“ ‘  ‘Ÿ— ‘• “ “ 

–“ ‘— ‘‘  ‘›

Try this:

‘ : 

Globalisation is the rapid increase in cross-border economic, social, technological exchange under conditions of capitalism.

‘“— Š ‘—› Š ‘— —‘“     ‘›

– ‘  —‘

Simon Reich also explores this question in a working paper for the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies at the University

of Notre Dame.

Helen Kellogg “ ‘ ‘  ‘  Simon 

“Ÿ— Notre Dame ‘(“) “ ‘‘“

What is globalization?

Œ–   ‘›

Four Possible Answers .

 ’›‘

Working Paper #261 - December 1998 - that is downloadable at www.nd.edu/ kellogg/WPS/261.

Kellogg/wps/261 www.nd.edu/  ‘— ‰‰ˆ “‘ #‚† ‘ ‘

–

pdf

Pdf

a comprehensive and regularly updated bibliography on all aspects of the political economy of globalization compiled by Douglas

Nelson of the Murphy Institute of Political Economy at Tulane University can also be found at www.tulane.edu/

dnelson/BIBS/GlobalBib.pdf

‘ ‘— ‘› ‘—() ‘ ’—ž ‘“—   

‘ ‘—   Douglas Nelson“‘“  ‘›

Dnelson/bibs/globalbib.pdf www.tulane.edu/  Tulane ‘

•

it attempts to characterize globalization, and its effects on poverty, the environment, gender, culture, and political structure and

dynamics.

Š  Š › Š Ÿ Š ()—™‘—  Š  ‘› 

‘“ ‘•  ‘‘—‘ 

David Held and Anthony McGrew write in their entry for Oxford Companion to Politics that globalisation can be conceived as a

process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions,

expressed in transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power.

–‘“  ‘“‘ Anthony McGrew  David Held

) “‘—“  ‘›

‘ ‘‘  “ ( ‘‘‘“‘›“

‘“— ‘—›“

Their detailed conception of globalisation can be found at the site supporting their book, Global Transformations, at

www.polity.co.uk/global/

Š‘“‘—‘›‘ Ÿ ‘“—•(“)  ‘›‘Ÿ–‘

• www.polity.co.uk/global/  Š

For more extensive discussion of globalisation after September 11 see the links in http://www.globalisationguide.org/sb02.

: http  ‘‘— see “‘—• “  ‘› ˜Ÿ“ —— “

//www.globalisationguide.org/sb€‚

html

Html

When did globalisation begin?

Œ   ‘›

There is no agreed starting point, but understanding of globalisation is helped by considering the following.

›— ‘“  ‘› ‘—‘–– Š ‘‘ ‘›

–

the first great expansion of European capitalism took place in the 16th century, following the first circumnavigation of the earth in

1519 to 1521.

‘“ Š  †th  –• ‘• ‘ “ —

–“ …‚ “ …‰   •

There was a big expansion in world trade and investment in the late nineteenth century.

“    ‘  ‘ –‘›— “ —  ‘›

This was brought to a halt by the First World War and the bout of anti-free trade protectionism that led to the Great Depression in

1930.

‹ –‘›—  –‘Ÿ “‘  ‘› ›— —  

Ž‘ ‰ƒ€   Ÿ““

Some see this period as an interruption to the process of globalisation commenced in the late 19th century.

  ‘› “ ‘ ““  ‘“

“‘  ‰th

A sense that the world was united was generated by the establishment of the International Date Line and world time zones, together

with the near global adoption of the Gregorian calendar between 1875 and 1925.

Ÿ‘  “ ‘  –‘“Ÿ‘— Ÿ—“ Ÿ  ‘ 

ˆ‡… “‘ — ‘› ’— “‘“ ‘“ Š ‘ ‘

— ‰‚… 

During that period, international standards were also agreed for telegraphy and signalling.

– ‘  —“ “ ‘— Š 

the end of the Second World War brought another great expansion of capitalism with the development of multinational companies

interested in producing and selling in the domestic markets of nations around the world.

—‘“ ‘“ — ‘›› ‘‘•

‘ ‘—  ‘‘“   — ‘—–

“

the emancipation of colonies created a new world order .

 ‘››  ‘— 

Air travel and the development of international communications enhanced the progress of international business.

“– “ ‘ –• “ ‘‘“— —   

the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union ended the cold war between the forces of capitalism and socialism

with capitalism triumphant.

‘ ‘“‘ › ‘Ÿ— ‘•  “  

‘— ‘ ž—‘‘“ ‘ 

the development of the internet made possible the organisation of business on a global scale with greater facility than ever before.

–‘“ ‘› ‘ () ‘ ‘‘ ‘—Ÿ‘ –— —

–‘ “ ‘Ÿ“‘—  —“

an excellent paper exploring this, and other issues relating to globalisation, is written by Mauro Guillen, at the Wharton School and

Department of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania the paper, Is Globalization Civilizing, Destructive Or Feeble?

Š  ““  ‘›  Š  ‘ ‘  ‘ 

‘ ‘›   Wharton (“) Š Mauro Guillen—

Or —‘ Š Is  ‘› ‘ — Š ‘ ‘• ‘(“)

–— Œ 

a critique of five key debates in the social-science literature can be downloaded from:

:  ‘“ —›  –‘“˜Ÿ“ š•  

“—

If you want to buy Personal Edition of Pars Translator , Click here.

“ ‘•›—  “ ‘ “  ‘›

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